We report on the measurement of the two-neutrino double beta decay half-life of ¹³⁰Te with the CUORE-0 detector. From an exposure of 33.4 kg⋅y of TeO₂, the half-life is determined to be T^2ν_1/2 = [8.2 ± 0.2 (stat.) ± 0.6 (syst.)] × 10²⁰ y. This result is obtained after a detailed reconstruction of the sources responsible for the CUORE-0 counting rate, with a specific study of those contributing to the ¹³⁰Te neutrinoless double beta decay region of interest.